Everything about Gwynllyw totally explained
Saint Gwynllyw Milwr or
Gwynllyw Farfog, pronounced "G-win-th-loo", known in English in a corrupted form as
Woolos the Warrior or
Woolos the Bearded (
Latin: Gundleus, Gundleius or Gwenleue) (c.
450 – c.
500) was a
Welsh king and religious figure.
He was King of
Gwynllwg in
South Wales and is the legendary founder and patron saint of the City of
Newport living around the
5th century. According to
medieval tradition he was a feared warlord and raider who knew
King Arthur, but later found religion and became a
hermit founding
St Woolos Cathedral in
Newport. He was the father of one of the most revered Welsh saints, Saint
Cadoc the Wise.
Traditional history
The medieval lives of Saint Cadoc (c.
1100) by
Lifris and of Saint Gwynllyw (c. 1120) preserve legendary details of Gwynllyw, though details frequently differ. He is also noted in Welsh king lists. The saint’s lives note that his deeds were celebrated by
Welsh bards, indicating he'd a widespread popular following. Although saints' lives frequently exaggerate it does seem likely that a monarch of this name existed and a core element in the lives may contain some true details.
Gwynllyw was the son of King
Glywys, whose powerful kingdom of
Glywysing was centered on
Glamorgan, and supposedly extended as far as east as the
River Towy. He was a descendent of
Macsen Wledig according to some accounts, while his mother Guaul was equally distinguished, being the granddaughter of
Cunedda. The kingdom was split on Glywys' death amongst his sons, of whom Gwynllyw was the eldest and most powerful, and he was overlord over the others. The central area of his rule consisted of the
cantref Gwynllwg that was named after him and later known in English as
Wentloog hundred. One of his Gwynllyw's brothers was Saint
Petroc, an important
Cornish and
Breton saint.
The saints' lives portray King Gwynllyw as an active and merciless warrior who attacked and raided nearby kingdoms. The
Life of Saint Cadoc describes him as "very partial to thieves, and used to instigate them somewhat often to robberies" but the
Life of Saint Gwynllyw insists he was a just and fair ruler. These raids included attacking his northern neighbour
Brycheiniog. In one such raid described in
Life of Saint Cadoc Gwynllyw accompanied by 300 men abducted
Gwladys (Gladys) the beautiful daughter of King
Brychan of
Brycheiniog, as Brychan had refused to let him marry her. She was one of Brychan's famous twenty-four children. A pitched battle occurred which was only stopped by the intervention of
King Arthur and
Cai and
Bedwyr who supported Gwynllyw and his warband in the battle. This tale of abduction seems similar to elements in the tale
Culhwch and Olwen and other Arthurian stories indicating it originated in bardic stories. This is the earliest reference to Arthur in a Saint's life. According to the
Life of Saint Gwynllyw this battle never occurred and the marriage was actually accomplished peacefully.
Gwaldys soon had a son, the famous saint
Cadoc. To celebrate his son's birth Gwynllyw went another raid stealing cattle from
Caerwent. When Saint
Tatheus came courageously to demand the return of a cow, the King was so impressed he decided in return to send his son to Tathyw at Caerwent to be educated. Gwynllyw supposedly had other children also saints
Cynidr,
Bugi and
Egwine. Bugi was married to Peren verch of King Lot/Llawdden/Greidal ap Arthwys.
Once grown Cadoc was deeply religious and according to some sources it was his example and preaching that persuaded Gwynllyw to abandon his life of violence and seek forgiveness for his sins. King Gwynllyw then had a dream in which an angel spoke to him and he saw a vision of a white ox with a black spot on its high forehead. Gwynllyw went forth and when he saw the same ox as in his dream he founded a
hermitage there on what is now
Stow Hill in
Newport,
South Wales which he built out of wood. Gwynllyw said of the spot: "There is no retreat in the world such as in this space which I'm destined now to inhabit. Happy therefore is the place, happier then is he who inhabits it." Gwynllyw's decision to abandon his kingship and retire to a religious life seems to have been a common theme amongst Welsh saints and even his violent past wasn't unusual, being shared by Saint
Illtyd amongst others.
Gwladys accompanied Gwynllyw into a
hermits life and for a while they lived together on Stow Hill, fasting, eating a
vegetarian diet, and bathing in the cold waters of the
Usk to prove their
piety. A miraculous fountain started on the hill when Gwynllyw prayed for water. Later they moved further apart, Saint Gwladys founding her own hermitage at
Pencarn.
When Gwynllyw was dying he was attended both by his son
Cadoc and Saint
Dubricius, who administered the last sacrament to him. The traditional date for his death is
29 March is the day dedicated to him. The year of his death is uncertain, suggestions include
500 and
523. Following his death his hermit cell became an important shrine and a
church was built there. This is now
St Woolos Cathedral, the seat of the
Bishop of Monmouth. In the
9th century Gwynllyw's church was rebuilt in stone. This indicates his importance and the wealth of his shrine as stone buildings were unusual in Wales at this point. Part of this building is now incorporated into St. Woolos Cathedral as the Galilee chapel.
Veneration
The cult of the saint according to his life grew as a series of
miracles were attributed to him. His fountain healed those who drank from it and angels were seen near his tomb. Later miracles included the protection of a
bard from flood waters, and the destruction of a
Viking fleet at sea after they plundered the church which was full of rich offerings made to the saint. The defeat of King
Harold Godwinson at the
Battle of Hastings was attributed to the vengeance of Saint Gwynllyw because he and his troops had plundered Gwynllyw's church recently while attacking the nearby kingdom of
Gwent. Gwynllyw also drove a man mad who stole from his church. Descriptions of the attacks on the church do coincide correctly with periods of warfare in the area so they're probabaly based on fact, whatever the truth of the miracles might be. The saint’s cult obviously became deeply revered, not only by the Welsh, but by
Saxons and
Normans who came to live in the Newport area and the Norman Lords of Newport continued to enlarge the church – a process that has continued up to the present day.
Post-medieval folklore
Stories of Gwynllyw's dark past later included tales of piracy and claims that his ships, based in the Uskside parish of
Pillgwenlly that bears his name, caused terror across the
Bristol Channel. One tradition asserts that this background meant Gwynllyw was the patron saint of choice for Welsh pirates and smugglers including
Sir Henry Morgan. Certainly the many sailors based in Newport would have known of him. Another local story claims that Gwynllyw forcibly baptised the population of Gwynllwg by the sword.
In
1949 St Woolos Church became a cathedral and, besides churches, the saint is remembered today through
St Woolos Hospital and in
1988 a
Welsh language school
Ysgol Gyfun Gwynllyw was set up in
Pontypool. The vision of an ox inspired the sculpture by
Sebastien Boyesen called
The Vision of Saint Gwynllyw or
The Bell Carrier, finished in
1996 and found in central Newport today
(External Link
).
Further Information
Get more info on 'Gwynllyw'.
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